from Europe, including Enrico Fermi, Rudolf Carnap, and James Franck. The university's Metallurgical Laboratory contributed to the Manhattan Project, with Enrico Fermi engineering the first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction at Stagg Field in 1942. In 1945, Hutchins announced the formation of the Institute for Nuclear Studies and the Institute for the Study of Metals in order to continue work done during the war. These were later renamed to the Enrico Fermi Institute and the James Franck Institute, respectively. The university came under scrutiny before and after the war for alleged communist influence, with university leadership called to testify on the loyalty of its student body and faculty in 1935 and 1949.
=== 1951–1977 ===
In 1951, vice president of development Lawrence Kimpton succeeded Hutchins as chancellor (a position created in 1945 replacing the presidency as head of the university). The deficits left from Hutchins necessitated severe annual cuts in the operating budget, which was brought into …
